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German verbs are conjugated depending on their use: as in English, they are modified depending on the persons (identity) and number of the subject of a sentence, as well as depending on the tense and mood. The citation form of German verbs is the infinitive form, which generally consists of the bare form of the verb with ''-(e)n'' added to the end. To conjugate regular verbs, this is removed and replaced with alternative endings: * To do; ''machen'' * * I do; ''ich mache'' * * He does; ''er macht'' * * I did; ''ich machte'' * * He did; ''er machte'' In general, irregular forms of German verbs exist to make for easier and clearer pronunciation, with a vowel sound in the centre of the word the only part of the word that changes in an unexpected way (though endings may also be slightly different). This modification is often a moving of the vowel sound to one pronounced further forward in the mouth. This process is called the Germanic umlaut. However, a number of verbs including ''sein'' (to be) are fully irregular, as in English ''I am'' and ''I was'' sound completely different. * To know; ''wissen'' * * I know; ''ich weiß'' (vowel change; ''-e'' missing) * * I knew; ''ich wusste'' (vowel change; otherwise regular) * To sing; ''singen'' * * I sing; ''ich singe'' (regular) * * I sang; ''ich sang'' (vowel change; ''-te'' missing) For many German tenses, the verb itself is locked in a non-varying form of the infinitive or past participle (which normally starts with ''ge-'') that is the same regardless of the subject, and then joined to an auxiliary verb that is conjugated. This is similar to English grammar, though the primary verb is normally placed at the end of the clause. Note that in both the examples shown below the auxiliary verb is irregular. * I buy the book; ''Ich kaufe das Buch.'' * I will buy the book; ''Ich werde das Buch kaufen.'' * * She will buy the book; ''Sie wird das Buch kaufen.'' * I have bought the book; ''Ich habe das Buch gekauft.'' * * She has bought the book; ''Sie hat das Buch gekauft.'' The following tenses and modi are formed by direct conjugation of the verb: * Present - ''Präsens'' * Imperfect - ''Imperfekt'' or ''Präteritum'' * Imperative - ''Imperativ'' * Perfect - ''Perfekt'' (past participle, does not vary by subject) * Conditional I and II - ''Konjunktiv'' Below is a paradigm of German verbs, that is, a set of conjugation tables, for the model regular verbs and for some of the most common irregular verbs, including the irregular auxiliary verbs. ==German tenses and moods== German verbs have forms for a range of subjects, indicating number and social status: * First-person singular: 'I'; ''ich'' * Second-person familiar: 'you' (as used to a friend); ''du'' * Second-person familiar: 'you' (as used to a friend); ''Du'' (possible form in letters, traditionally used for all kinds of addresses) * Third person: 'he', 'she', 'it'; ''(er, sie, es)'' with the same form for all three * First-person plural: 'we'; ''wir'' * Second-person plural: ''ihr'' * Second-person polite: 'you'; ''Sie'' (which is always capitalised) * Third-person plural: 'they'; ''sie'' (not capitalised) The subject does not have to be one of these pronouns, but can instead be anything that has the same person and number. For example, in the sentences ''Der Ball ist rund.'' ("The ball is round.") and ''Es ist rund.'' ("It is round."), the verb is in the same form: third-person singular. In German, the first-person and third-person plural and second-person plural-polite forms are identical for all verbs in every tense. ''Sie'' in the second person is used to address one or more people of high status. As a summary of German tenses, moods and aspects: * The German present tense matches both the English present ("I walk to work every day") and also the present progressive ("I am walking to work right now"), to which standard German has no direct equivalent. (See below for a colloquial alternative.) It is formed similarly to the English present tense, by directly conjugating the relevant verb to match the subject. * The perfect (''I have gone to work''; also sometimes called the ''present perfect'') is mostly formed, again as in English, from the appropriate present tense form of 'to have' (''haben'') and a past participle of the relevant verb placed at the end of the clause. Some intransitive verbs involving motion or change take 'to be' (''sein'') instead of ''haben''; this may depend on the exact meaning of the sentence. Note that both ''haben'' and ''sein'' are used in the present tense, and are irregular verbs. * * 'He has read the book': ''Er hat das Buch gelesen.'' (Literally, "He has the book read.") * * 'He has gone into the cinema': ''Er ist ins Kino gegangen.'' (but literally, "He is into the cinema gone.") * The imperfect (''I closed the door;'' usually avoided when speaking) is formed from the verb, as in English. The verb may be regular or irregular. * The pluperfect (''I had read the book, when...'') is formed in the same way as in English: identically to the perfect, except with an imperfect form of haben or sein instead of a present tense form. * * He had read the book; ''Er hatte das Buch gelesen.'' * * He had gone into the cinema; ''Er war ins Kino gegangen.'' * The future tense (''I will read the book'' or ''I'm going to read the book'') is formed from the appropriate present tense form of the verb ''werden'' (to become) and, as in English, the infinitive of the relevant verb. * * I will read the book: ''Ich werde das Buch lesen.'' * * A classic but easily avoided mistake made by English-speakers learning German is to use "''Ich will"'' – which actually means ''I want to''. * The imperative (''Be quiet!'','' Open the door!'') is formed by direct conjugation of the verb and varies by number and status of the people addressed, unlike English which always uses an infinitive. * * Be quiet: ''Sei ruhig!'' (when speaking to one person); but ''Seien Sie ruhig!'' when speaking to an authority figure. ''Sei'' and ''Seien'' are both formed from ''sein'' (be). * The conditional (''I would do it'') can be formed from ''würden'' (''would'') and the infinitive of the relevant verb, placed at the end of the clause. * * I would love her; ''Ich würde sie lieben.'' * Additional forms of the conditional (known as'' Konjunktiv I & II'', for the present and imperfect) also exist. They are equivalent to English forms such as ''If I were rich'' or ''If I loved him'', (but also ''It would be great'') and exist for every verb in the present and imperfect tense. They are often avoided for uncommon verbs. For the future tense conditional, the conditional form of ''werden'' is used with an infinitive. * * If I were rich; ''Wenn ich reich wäre, ...'' * * If I had more money; ''Wenn ich mehr Geld hätte, ...'' * * It would be fantastic; ''Es wäre fantastisch'' * The passive (''It is done'') may be formed for any tense. It is formed from the past participle and the appropriate form of the verb ''werden'' (to become).〔German frequently forms a passive-equivalent construction using'' 'Man' ''(anybody; formal English 'one'), followed by the relevant tense. * It is possible to; ''Man kann'' (lit. ''One can'', more loosely ''Someone can'' or ''Anyone can'') * Anyone (who wanted to) would have done it: ''Man würde es gemacht haben.''〕 * * The lawn is being mowed; ''Der Rasen wird gemäht'' (Literally, "''The lawn becomes/is becoming mowed.''") * * The lawn was mowed; ''Der Rasen wurde gemäht.'' (Literally, "''The lawn became/was becoming mowed.''") * * The lawn has been mowed; ''Der Rasen ist gemäht geworden.'' * * The lawn will be mowed; ''Der Rasen wird gemäht werden.'' (This uses the verb ''werden'' twice in one sentence, but is still quite correct.) * * The lawn would be mowed; ''Der Rasen würde gemäht werden.'' * Many German verbs can be converted into the names of jobs, adjectives and verbal nouns describing processes (as English ''to clean'' becomes ''the cleaner'', ''the man cleaning the window'' and ''the cleaning process''). These generally follow regular patterns, with endings such as ''-en'' and ''-ung''. Colloquial German, in particular in the Rhineland and Ruhr areas, uses these verbal nouns with ''sein'' to create a kind of present progressive known as the ''rheinische Verlaufsform'': * * I'm working; "''Ich bin am Arbeiten.''" * * Note that ''Arbeiten'' is not a verb as in the English equivalent but a noun, and is therefore capitalised. A literal translation would be: "''I'm at the working.''" * A colloquial method to express future actions is to use present tense with an adjective like ''tomorrow'' showing that the event will happen in the future: * * Tomorrow, I am going to buy groceries.; ''Morgen kaufe ich Lebensmittel.'' (Literally, ''Tomorrow, I buy groceries.'') 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「German conjugation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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